Define first ionisation energy
- The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions
Do changes in pressure, concentration or a catalyst affect the value of Kc?
- No
- They may shift the position of equilibrium, but the ratio (Kc) remains constant at a fixed temperature
Why are Hess cycles more accurate than mean bond enthalpies?
- Bond enthalpies are averages taken from many different compounds
- Hess cycles use specific data for the exact substances in the reaction
What is the test for sulfate ions (SO4 2-)?
- Add dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Add aqueous barium chloride (BaCl2)
- A thick white precipitate indicates sulfate ions
Observations when testing for chloride, bromide and iodide ions
- Chloride: white precipitate, dissolves in dilute and concentrated ammonia
- Bromide: cream precipitate, dissolves only in concentrated ammonia
- Iodide: yellow precipitate, insoluble in dilute and concentrated ammonia
Trend in reactivity down Group 7, and why
- Reactivity decreases down the group
- The outer electrons are further from the nucleus, as there is an extra energy level each time
- There is an increase in shielding
- The atoms gain electrons less easily, as there is a weaker attraction between the nucleus and the incoming electron
Why do branched isomers of alkanes have lower boiling points?
- Branched molecules have a smaller surface area in contact with each other, decreasing the strength of van der Waals forces
- Branched molecules cannot pack as closely together as straight-chain molecules, further weakening those forces
Compare the conditions for thermal and catalytic cracking
- Thermal: very high temperature (1000-1200 K), very high pressure (70 atm), very short time (about 1 s)
- Catalytic: high temperature (800-1000 K), slight pressure (1-2 atm), zeolite catalyst
Define first ionisation energy
- The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions
Do changes in pressure, concentration or a catalyst affect the value of Kc?
- No
- They may shift the position of equilibrium, but the ratio (Kc) remains constant at a fixed temperature
Why are Hess cycles more accurate than mean bond enthalpies?
- Bond enthalpies are averages taken from many different compounds
- Hess cycles use specific data for the exact substances in the reaction
What is the test for sulfate ions (SO4 2-)?
- Add dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Add aqueous barium chloride (BaCl2)
- A thick white precipitate indicates sulfate ions
Observations when testing for chloride, bromide and iodide ions
- Chloride: white precipitate, dissolves in dilute and concentrated ammonia
- Bromide: cream precipitate, dissolves only in concentrated ammonia
- Iodide: yellow precipitate, insoluble in dilute and concentrated ammonia
Trend in reactivity down Group 7, and why
- Reactivity decreases down the group
- The outer electrons are further from the nucleus, as there is an extra energy level each time
- There is an increase in shielding
- The atoms gain electrons less easily, as there is a weaker attraction between the nucleus and the incoming electron
Why do branched isomers of alkanes have lower boiling points?
- Branched molecules have a smaller surface area in contact with each other, decreasing the strength of van der Waals forces
- Branched molecules cannot pack as closely together as straight-chain molecules, further weakening those forces
Compare the conditions for thermal and catalytic cracking
- Thermal: very high temperature (1000-1200 K), very high pressure (70 atm), very short time (about 1 s)
- Catalytic: high temperature (800-1000 K), slight pressure (1-2 atm), zeolite catalyst
Give the free radical mechanism for ozone depletion
- Initiation: CFCl3 —(UV)—>
- CFCl2 + Cl
- Propagation 1: Cl
- + O3 —> ClO
- + O2
- Propagation 2: ClO
- + O3 —> Cl
- + 2O2
- Overall: 2O3 —> 3O2
AQA A-level Chemistry Flashcards
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What's inside
AQA A-Level Chemistry Flashcards
Digital flashcards covering AQA A-Level Chemistry. Choose the section you need: Physical, Organic or Inorganic.
The cards target common question styles and AQA assessment objectives, helping you recognise patterns, sharpen exam technique and secure easy marks under exam conditions.
Choose your option:
Physical: 850+ flashcards (12 units)
Organic: 800+ flashcards (16 units), including mechanism drawings, reaction types and conditions
Inorganic: 500+ flashcards (6 units)
Physical topics:
UNIT 1: Atomic structure
UNIT 2: Amount of substance
UNIT 3: Bonding
UNIT 4: Energetics
UNIT 5: Kinetics
UNIT 6: Equilibrium
UNIT 7: Oxidation, reduction and redox equations
UNIT 8: Thermodynamics
UNIT 9: Rate equations
UNIT 10: Equilibrium constant
UNIT 11: Electrode potentials and cells
UNIT 12: Acids and bases
Organic topics:
UNIT 1: Introduction to organic chemistry
UNIT 2: Alkanes
UNIT 3: Halogenoalkanes
UNIT 4: Alkenes
UNIT 5: Alcohols
UNIT 6: Organic analysis
UNIT 7: Optical isomers
UNIT 8: Aldehydes and ketones
UNIT 9: Carboxylic acids and esters
UNIT 10: Aromatic chemistry
UNIT 11: Amines
UNIT 12: Polymerisation
UNIT 13: Amino acids, proteins and DNA
UNIT 14: Organic synthesis
UNIT 15: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
UNIT 16: Chromatography
Inorganic topics:
UNIT 1: Periodicity
UNIT 2: Group 2 metals
UNIT 3: Group 7 (the halogens)
UNIT 4: Period 3 elements
UNIT 5: Transition metals
UNIT 6: Reactions of metal aqua ions
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Exam board: AQA
Course: A-Level Chemistry
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